Hydrogen Bonding in Water
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چکیده
Hydrogen bonding occurs when an atom of hydrogen is attracted by rather strong forces to two atoms instead of only one, so that it may be considered to be acting as a bond between them [99]. Typically hydrogen bonding occurs where the partially positively charged hydrogen atom lies between partially negatively charged oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms, but is also found elsewhere, such as between fluorine atoms in HF2 (a very strong hydrogen bond at 163 kJ mol ) and between water and the smaller halide ions F, Cl and Br (for example, HO-H····Br, [178, 1190]; the strength of hydrogen bonding reducing as the halide radius increases), and to a much smaller extent to I [190] and even xenon [941], (a very weak hydrogen bond at 2 kJ mol) . Even very weak CH····OH2 hydrogen bonds (~ 4 kJ mol ) are being increasingly recognized [1293]. In theoretical studies, strong hydrogen bonds even occur to the hydrogen atoms in metal hydrides (for example, LiH····HF; [217]). The current view of the hydrogen bond has been reviewed [1462]. Hydrogen bond strength is given by the weaker of the two interactions of the flanking atoms with the central hydrogen atom and is strongest when these interactions are equal [1653]. Hydrogen bonding is characterized by its preferred dimensions, molecular orientation, approximate linearity and changes in infrared frequency and intensity. [Back to Top ]
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